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The Scheduled Castes〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/sclist.php )〕 (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are official designations given to various groups of historically disadvantaged people in India. The terms are recognised in the Constitution of India and the various groups are designated in one or other of the categories. During the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they were known as the Depressed Classes. In modern literature, the ''Scheduled Castes'' are sometimes referred to as Dalits.〔Kumar (1992), The affirmative action debate in India, Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 290–302〕While ''Scheduled Tribes'' is used as an official term for Adivasis 〔(FACTORS AND CONSTRAINTS FOR ADOPTING NEW AGRICULTURAL ) “I wish that you would issue instructions to your translation committee that the translation of Scheduled Tribes should be ‘Adivasi’, literally meaning original inhabitants or indigenous peoples). The word Adivisi has grace."〕 The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprise about 16.6 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively, of India's population (according to the 2011 census).〔(2011 Census Primary Census Abstract )〕 The ''Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950'' lists 1,108 castes across 29 states in its First Schedule,〔(Text of the ''Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950'', as amended )〕 and the ''Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'' lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.〔(Text of the ''Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'', as amended )〕 Since independence, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were given Reservation status, guaranteeing political representation. The Constitution lays down the general principles of affirmative action for SCs and STs. == History == Since the 1850s these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, with the Scheduled Tribes also being known as ''Adivasi'' ("original inhabitants"). The early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the Raj assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The Morley–Minto Reforms Report, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context. A highly contested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures. In 1935, British passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. The Act introduced the term "Scheduled Castes", defining the group as "such castes, races or tribes or parts of groups within castes, races or tribes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer". This discretionary definition was clarified in ''The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936'', which contained a list (or Schedule) of castes throughout the British-administered provinces. After independence the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, giving (via articles 341 and 342) the president of India and governors of the states a mandate to compile a full listing of castes and tribes (with the power to edit it later, as required). The complete list of castes and tribes was made via two orders: ''The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950''〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDER, 1950 )〕 and ''The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=1. THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES) )〕 respectively. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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